My host Jalal prepared breakfast for me and he told me that he was in Saddam army for around 10 years since 1979. During the war in 1991 March, Saddam moved his tanks into Sulaymaniyah and the city was emptied. People who had car drove to Iran and people without car ran into the mountains. People here were glad that the American army came and toppled Saddam, else he would still be in control and terrorize the people. Many Kurds were killed in Anfal (genocide) and they were buried alive.

Took a bus from Sarchnack to Amna Suraka (Red Security) museum in Sulaymaniyah in the morning. During Saddam’s regime, many Kurds were imprisoned and tortured here. Many were simply vanished. Outside the museum there were many soldiers. The reason was because there were some VIP there so I couldn’t get in.

A park in the city

Walked around the bazaar area.

Newer part

The bazaar is pretty big and were flooded with Chinese made goods.

Chinese made motorbike

Chinese rice

From an economic point of view, China has a lot of stake in the economy in Northern Iraq by supplying low cost products to the people. In many countries I see Chinese goods penetrating the local market and almost everything is made in China now. It’s hard to find things made locally these days.

There are even chinese restaurant and chinese massage parlour here.

Stopped by a shop owner for a chat.

It’s hard to communicate because almost no one speak English. He was pretty nice to offer me sweets and cookies from his shop, I couldn’t accept it so I just paid him for the cookies.
Went back to Amna Suraka again at 2pm and the security looked even tighter. There were soldiers on the roof and maybe some even carried sniper. The guards allowed me to see some tanks

but I wasn’t allowed to go in. I found out later it’s because the wife of the Iraqi president was there.
Took a cab (3000 Iraqi Dinar) to Halabja garage

then took a bus to Halabja (3000 Iraqi Dinar, 1.5 hours ride).

Halabja was the place where Saddam released chemical weapon and killed 5000 people, mostly Kurdish in a few minutes.
On the road, I saw many soldiers coming from the other side and there were soldiers stationed at every 50 meters. Some trucks have big machine guns mounted on top of the roof. Probably it’s because there were some VIP coming to Sulaymaniyah. I didn’t bring my passport with me so I got panicked and was afraid that I couldn’t get back to Sulaymaniyah. There were many checkpoints and it’s random on how the military singled out people. On one of the checkpoints, a soldier asked me for my passport and I just showed him my New York driving license. I signaled that I left my passport in Sulaymaniyah and he just shook his head and finally let the bus go. Once I got to Halabjah, I just took another shared taxi went right back to Sulaymaniyah since it’s a little dark. I didn’t go to the Halabjah museum and just passed by it.
Halabjah still look quite poor.

There was another soldier sharing the taxi with me back to Sulaymaniyah and his AK-47 was on his lap the whole time. I guess probably it’s because there was a soldier in the taxi so we passed all the checkpoints without any issues.
Managed to find an internet café (2000 Iraqi dinar for an hour). Did some research about my trip and then took a taxi back to Sarchnack. Kurdish people have been very nice, I don’t have to bargain hard here and no one really tries to rip me off. There are money changers carrying stash of cash on the street without any worries.

Next day,
From what I read, there are 2 border crossings to Iran. One which is only 75km away from Sulaymaniyah but sometimes they don’t allow foreigner in. I decided to go to another border crossing at Haji Omran which is more popular but further away. From what I read is that Malaysian citizen don’t need a visa to Iran. Sometimes border guards are not aware of all the rules. So to be safe, it’s better for me to take the more popular border crossing. Also the road to Haji Omran will pass by some great scenery. I have 2 options to get to Haji Omran, either I had to go back to Erbil first or take another route with few transfers. I picked the second option.

Got to the garage at 10.30am

and took a shared taxi to Rania (8000 Iraqi dinar, 2 hours).
Passed by some beautiful mountains.

Saw a few Proton (Malaysian made car) on the street

Took another shared taxi to Soran/Diana (8000 Iraqi Dinar, 1.5 hours). Waited for another 2 hours for the taxi to be full.
Honeydew seller

Since there are not many Asians around, everyone tried to talk to me. There is a guy who started to take a pic with me and then everyone wants to take a pic with me.

Mountain View

Arrived at Soran/Diana around 4.40pm.

Took another shared taxi to Haji Omran (10,000 Iraqi Dinars, 1 hour). The taxi driver drove like a race car driver. His average speed is around 100km/hour driving around the mountains.

Arrived in Haji Omran around 6pm and the taxi driver signaled that the border crossing is close for the day. I was a little frustrated because I wished to take the overnight bus to Tehran so I can apply for my Turkmenistan visa the next day. I have a time constraint because my Uzbekistan visa is just valid until Dec 1st so I need to move fast. Especially since the Turkmenistan consulate is famous for their bureaucracy.
Haji Omran is pretty small with many trucks and oil tankers waiting to cross the border

I had to share a room at a crappy hotel without bed (10,000 Iraqi Dinar).

Someone knocked on the door around 8pm and there were 2 guys wearing military clothes with machine guns. No one speak English here but I guess they wanted to see my passport and then I had to walk with them to a police station. It’s pretty dark and I thought if they were just some bogus military officer, they can just shoot me and nobody will know. There were 2 other Iranian guys that went with us so that made me felt a little better. We went into a dark old building without sign and there were another military officer who signaled me to leave my passport and come back and collect the next morning when I want to leave. It’s hard to communicate because they don’t speak English. He gave me a paper in Arabic and I guess that’s the paper to retrieve back my passport.

Met a few American soldiers on the street and tagged along with them for a walk. American soldiers are like super heroes here, everyone loves them.

a street in Erbil

Tried to find an ATM because I will need to withraw more cash for my next few destinations. I read that there is only one ATM in Erbil which work half of the time and it’s inside Hotel Sheraton. Found my way there but the ATM only accept VISA card. I left my VISA card at the Hotel so I wasn’t able to get cash. The security is pretty tight here and the hotel was surrounded by a thick wall

and everyone needed to pass through a security checkpoint before allowed in.
Walked further down on Iskan street and found 2 more ATMs. I was surprise to be able to get USD from the ATM of Bank Karwa.

This Is quite a surprising discovery because on Lonely Planet and many travellers forums, no one ever mentioned this and some travellers had to go back to Turkey in order to get cash.

There are a lot of constructions and rebuilding going on in Erbil

Today is Friday and it’s a weekend here so many people go out to shop. Cars toward the bazaar and citadel.

Met Nabil, an Iraqi living in Dubai at the hotel. He wanted to visit his family in Baghdad and stopped by Erbil.
We visited the Citadel.

Took a taxi to Sulaymaniyah Garage (3500 Iraqi Dinar) and then took a shared taxi at 1pm to Sulaymaniyah (15,000 Iraqi Dinar ~USD13).

Guys in Kurdish pants

It’s around 200 km to Sulaymaniyah
[mappress]
and again we passed by many military checkpoints. My bags were spot checked a few times. Almost no one speak English here and many people can’t read romanized alphabet. Even though they had my passport, but they kept asking if I am from Korea or Japan because they weren’t able to read romanized alphabets. The ride to Sulaymaniyah will pass by the suburb of Kirkuk. Like Mosul, Kirkuk is one of the most dangerous city in Iraq so I was glad nothing happened.

Arrived at Sulaymaniyah around 4pm and the family I was with from the shared taxi invited me to stay with them. The father of the family speaks some English so I was able to understand what he is saying.
Kurds are very nice people.
Jalal, my host

Jalal’s family

Itadakimasu..Iraqi Kurdish food

Then watched Korean soap opera because there’s the only Asian channel they have on cabel.

From Diyarbakir to Sulaymaniyah, most people I met have been very friendly. Even though Northern Iraq is still part of Iraq and is only an autonomous region but they are more Kurdistan flag than Iraqi flag here. People here speak Kurdish which is a different language from Arabic and everyone is very proud of their heritage after being prosecuted for so long.

Tried to go to Lallish which is like the Mecca for the religion Yazidi. It’s around 30km south east of Dohuk. We took a taxi to the garage for cabs to Lallish, but we ended up didn’t go because they quote us $30 for one way which is quite pricey.

Dohuk is surrounded by mountains

Bazaar again

Then took a shared taxi to Erbil (15,000 dinar each, 200 km away). Erbil is the capital of Northern Iraq and is one of the oldest city in the world. There were many military checkpoints on the way to keep out terrorist.
A military post

I read that the road to Erbil will pass by the suburb of Mosul. Mosul is the most dangerous city in Iraq so I am glad to arrive in Erbil after 3 hours safe and sound.

The budget hotel recommended by lonely planet was full but we found another budget hotel, Hotel Ali (25,000 for a room, 12,250 each) which is at the south part of the Citadel.

Erbil old city

It’s very hard to find ATM here and I was a little concern because the 3 countries I am planning to visit next don’t seem to have ATM from what I read.

Walked around the bazaar and tried looking for an internet café. It cost around 2000 Iraqi Dinar for an hour but I wasn’t very productive on the computer with the slow connection.

There is a small bus station close to the Old Wall so just walked there and got a 8.30am bus ticket to Cizre (18TL).

Passed by Mardin (A city on the hill) on the way to Cizre.

Met a British lady, Emily on the bus who is traveling to Northern Iraq as well. Arrived at Cizre around 12.30pm and took a shared taxi to cross the border at Silopi, Turkey to Zakho, Iraq. There were 3 passengers in the taxi and we paid the driver 30 TL. From Cizre to Silopi, it’s around 40 minutes drive.

We were able to get a 10 days Iraqi visa on arrival at the border

and spent around an hour at the border before crossing over to Zakho which is not too bad.

At Zakho, the iraqi side we took another taxi to Dohuk (USD 30 for the car, 15 USD each). Dohuk is the 3rd largest city in Northern Iraq and we arrived in Dohuk after an hour, around 4pm (The clock is an hour faster in Dohuk).
Got a shared room at Hotel Parleman (10,000 Iraqi dinar each, 1USD ~1180 Iraqi dinar).
Walked around the bazaar.

In Dohuk, there were only electricity and water for 5 hours a day. They used generator most of the time.

Ate at Mandal restaurant, recommended in the Lonely Planet guide. There were many dishes and cost 8000 dinar each(USD7).

Iraqi Dinar

Almost no one speak English in Dohuk. Learned a little about the politics in Northern Iraq from Emily and the owner of the Hotel (he speak a mixture of Arabic, Kurdish and few words of English).

Didn’t feel well later at night and this is the second time I got food poisoning, not sure where did I get it.

Here is a little summary about the history of Iraq. Iraq was home to the earliest known civilization, the Sumerian civilization and Iraq has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6000 BC. Throughout its long history, Iraq has been the center of the Akkadian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid and Abbasid empires, and part of the Achaemenid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Ottoman and British empires. Iraq gained independence from the Ottoman empire in 1919 and from the United Kingdom in 1932.

Became a republic in 1958 and after a few military coup, the Baath party gained power and Saddam Hussein rose to assume the presidency from 1979 until 2003 after which he was toppled by the US led invasion.
Saddam is a Sunni Muslim. After the Islamic Revolution in Iran, Iran became a Shiite Muslim theocratic state. Since there are more Shiites in Iraq, Saddam was afraid that the majority of the population will rebel against him. That’s one reason Saddam declared war on Iran.
The war ended in stalemate in 1988, largely due to American and Western support for Iraq. This was part of the US policy of “dual containment” of Iraq and Iran. Between half a million and 1.5 million people from both sides died in the 1980–88 war.

Saddam also attacked Iraqi Kurds and Shiites and commited many war crimes against them. After the Iran-Iraq war, the economy in Iraq was in shambles so Saddam attacked Kuwait to steal its resources. Iraq refused to withdraw from Kuwait against the demand of UN security council and was attacked by the US led international coalition.

On March 23rd, 2003. Bush claimed that Iraq was developing weapon of mass destruction and Iraq was attacked again. Government authority was transferred to an Iraqi Interim Government in June 2004, and a permanent government was elected in October 2005.

Today, cities such as Mosul and Kirkuk are dangerous because al-Qaeda took advantage of the insurgency to entrench itself in the country together with an Arab-Sunni led insurgency and violence. From what I heard is that Bin Laden paid some Arabs to create terror. Also soldiers from the Baath party during Saddam times lost everything so causing terror is their only way out.

Northern Iraq which is the region of Kurdistan is relatively safe. Kurdistan is sort of an autonomous region in Iraq, with its own government and military, the Peshmerga.

To Diyarbakir

View Larger Map

Scenary during the journey

Arrived at Diyarbakir Yeni Otogar (New bus station) at around 8am.

The bus station is located around 14km west of the city so that’s why I did’t see any city like building. Nobody speaks English here so took a bus towards the east part of town and got off around the old city. A tip of looking for places to get off is to look out for signs of museums or places with a few 3-5 stars hotels. Usually this will be around the city center or places with tourist attractions, budget hotels.

Diyarbakir is considered as the unofficial capital of Kurdistan and is the largest city of Southeastern Turkey. Many people mentioned that the city is not safe and dangerous because of guerilla attacks and separatist movement. The city has around 1.5 million people and is the strong hold of Kurdish separatist movement. Around 90% of the population here is Kurdish and everyone is proud of their Kurdish background and tell me that they are Kurdish and not Turkish. There is a Kurdish looking flag on the public bus.

There are around 30 millions Kurdish in the world but they don’t have a country. The Kurdish people live around southeastern turkey, northern iraq, northeastern syria and northwestern Iraq. They had suffered some atrocities and many were killed during the massacre of Armenians and during Saddam’s rule in Iraq.

There were not many tourist in Diyarbakir so everyone stared at me. Met a guy on the bus and he sort of showed me around but he couldn’t speak English. Approached by 2 guys and they invited me for tea but then they tried to sell me stuffs and I left.

Walked around the old wall, 6km in total

The old city

Since there were no hostel here, I gotta get a room in a hotel. After asking around few hotels,

I checked in into Hotel Ozbal (20 TL single room with shower).

Bazaar

Late lunch at around 3pm, had chickn kebag (6.5 TL)

To get to Northern Iraq, I will need to cross the border at Silopi, Turkey side to Zahuk, Iraq side. Then try to find my way to Dohuk, Northern Iraq 3rd largest city. I read that shared taxi is the only way to get there but since taxi is quite expensive, I found a post mentioned that there is a bus from Cizre to Dohuk, Iraq. Asked around the bus station but no one knows, plus nobody speaks english.

Met a Kurdish friend on the street, Erdol. He is a nice guy, showed me around
Ulu Camii (Grand Mosque) This building was originally a church and it was converted to a mosque.

and treated me for dinner.

He and his friend Suffran worked in US over the summer so they spoke pretty good English. I learned a lot about Kurdish history from them. He has many friends that joined the PKK, which is considered as a terrorist group in the mountains. The military is very powerful in Turkey and has more say that the government. The military doesn’t want to talk to PKK and between 1984 and 1999, the PKK and the Turkish military engaged in open war. Turkey has a compulsory military service so sometimes Kurds joining the military have to fight their own friends and family. However, things are getting better and the government lifted the ban on Kurdish language. However, Kurdish name is still disallowed.

We then went to the new part of the city to visit Mega Center mall

and then had tea. That’s my 5th cup of Kurdish cay (tea) for the day and I didn’t pay for any tea.

It’s snowing today and the weather is around 0 C so there weren’t much activities to do. Spent pretty much the whole day planning my next destination. Originally I was planning to go to Iran from Turkey. However, right now I am considering to visit Northern Iraq before heading to Iran. I will need to head to the south east part of Turkey if I wanted to visit Northern Iraq. Another problem I have is time constraint because my visa to Uzbekistan is valid only until Dec 1st and I still have 3 more countries to go before Uzbekistan. Also I still have not got my Turkmenistan transit visa yet and I will need to give myself some additional time because many travellers have problem getting the visa.

Northern Iraq is open for tourism and it’s also called The Other Iraq. It’s an autonomy entity of Iraq and is governed by the Kurdistan Regional Government. Duhok, Arbil and Sulaymania are some of the bigger cities in Northern Iraq and I will try to visit those cities if possible. There are some good information on Lonely Planet Thorntree forum as well as some travel blogs, Backpack Iraq and Joe’s Trip.

Bought travel insurace finally because my next few destination will be more exotic and a little more dangerous. I should have bought travel insurance before my trip because the price for a 6 months coverage is just a little more than a 3 months coverage. I paid $173 for a 3 months insurance through world nomads.

Walked around Cappadocia in the afternoon

Outside the Open Air Museum’

Went to the bus station at 7pm and tried to get a bus ticket to Kayseri (one of the powerhouse economy in Turkey). However, the bus ticket agent mentioned that the bus is full. I don’t think it’s true but I can’t really argue with him since there are only 2 ticket agents that sell bus ticket to Kayseri and they are like a cartel. Got a overnight bus ticket to Diyarbakir instead (50 TL, 750 km away). They provided a shuttle to Nevesir which is another city 15 minutes away, then took the Batman bus to Diyarbakir.

Turkey has some good buses and even though there is not much leg room but I have Wifi access on the bus. Bus stopped at 4.30am for morning prayers. Toilets are good business in Turkey because we have to pay for almost every toilet in Turkey.

Backpackers Yasin Hostel

There are 2 tours around Cappadocia organized by Rose Tour. The first one is the red line which is closer around Goreme and the other one is the green line which goes further to the east part, to the underground city, the Ilhara Valley and a monastery. We joined the green tour (50TL) since it goes further.
The bus picked us up at 9.30am from the hostel.
Stopped by for a panorama view. Cappadocia means the land of beautiful horse. The area around Goreme has many underground churches. Many years ago, this is the hiding place for Christians from Roman persecution before Christianity became an accepted religion.

The underground city Derinkuyu was founded around 1960s. There are around 36 underground cities that had been found so far and Derinkuyu is the one which is better preserved, has 8 floors (85 meters deep) so far but many floors have not still been excavated.
The Underground City.

Ihlara Valley

In 1923, there was an exchange of population between Greece and Turkey and this involved approximately 2 million people. Greek Orthodox living in Turkey had to move to Greece and Turks Muslims living in Greece had to move to Turkey. This caused many of Cappadocia Christian inhabitants moved to Greece and the caves were abandoned.
A church (Christian fresco)



Caves

Lunch is included in the tour. I had trout

Monastery

With some Malaysians

Dinner, Spicy Kebab with tomato soup (11 TL). They provided unlimted bread and I think I ate more than a loaf of bread.